Traditional Water Heritage of Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand is known for its mountains, temples, and rivers, but an equally important yet lesser-known aspect of its cultural heritage is its traditional water conservation system—Naula and Dhara. These ancient water structures have sustained hill communities for centuries and continue to reflect the wisdom of traditional Himalayan ecology.
Naulas and Dharas are not just water sources; they represent the spiritual, social, and environmental consciousness of Uttarakhand.
Historical Background of Naula and Dhara
Naula and Dhara are among the oldest traditional water systems of Uttarakhand and form an essential part of the region’s cultural and ecological history. Long before the introduction of modern pipelines and water tanks, hill communities depended entirely on these natural and stone-built water sources for their survival.
What are Naula and Dhara?
Naula
A Naula is a stone-built step well found mainly in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. It is designed to protect natural underground springs from drying and contamination.
Key Features of Naula:
- Constructed using stone masonry
- Underground or semi-underground structure
- Water remains cool and clean throughout the year
- Often dedicated to local deities or temples
- Considered sacred by villagers
Dhara
A Dhara is a natural spring outlet, where water flows continuously from a mountain slope.
Key Features of Dhara:
- Open water outlet
- Continuous flow of fresh spring water
- Commonly used for drinking and irrigation
- Found near villages, farms, and trekking routes
Difference Between Naula and Dhara
| Aspect | Naula | Dhara |
| Structure | Enclosed stone well | Open spring outlet |
| Region | Mostly Kumaon | Kumaon & Garhwal |
| Water Protection | Highly protected | Less protected |
| Religious Value | Very high | Moderate |
| Usage | Drinking & rituals | Drinking, washing, irrigation |
Religious and Cultural Significance
In Uttarakhand, water is sacred, and Naulas often hold spiritual importance.
Cultural Beliefs Associated with Naulas:
- Many Naulas are dedicated to Lord Shiva, Nagas, or local deities
- Women traditionally clean and maintain Naulas
- Rituals and festivals are associated with certain sacred Naulas
- Polluting a Naula is considered a sin
Famous Naulas and Dharas in Uttarakhand
Some well-known traditional water sources include:
- Katarmal Sun Temple Naula (Almora)
- Patal Devi Naula
- Bageshwar Naulas
- Jageshwar Temple Naulas
- Binsar region Dharas
These sites attract historians, researchers, and eco-tourists interested in Uttarakhand’s indigenous knowledge systems.
Role of Naula and Dhara in Traditional Water Conservation
Naula and Dhara systems demonstrate sustainable water management long before modern technology.
Environmental Benefits:
- Natural groundwater recharge
- Minimal evaporation loss
- Pollution-free drinking water
- Eco-friendly construction materials
- Long-term water sustainability
These systems align perfectly with today’s concept of sustainable development and climate resilience.
Current Challenges and Decline
Despite their importance, many Naulas and Dharas are disappearing due to:
- Urbanization
- Deforestation
- Declining groundwater levels
- Lack of maintenance
- Modern water supply dependence
Conservation and Revival Efforts
Several NGOs, local communities, and researchers are working to revive these ancient systems.
Key Conservation Measures:
- Restoration of old Naulas
- Protection of catchment areas
- Awareness programs for villagers
- Government-supported water conservation projects
Reviving Naula and Dhara systems can help address water scarcity in Himalayan regions.
Why Naula and Dhara Matter Today
In the era of climate change, these traditional water structures offer valuable lessons in:
- Sustainable living
- Community-driven resource management
- Eco-sensitive infrastructure
They are a living example of Uttarakhand’s harmony with nature.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is a Naula in Uttarakhand?
A Naula is a traditional stone-built step well designed to protect underground spring water. Found mainly in the Kumaon region, Naulas provide clean drinking water and are often considered sacred.
2. What is a Dhara?
A Dhara is a natural spring outlet where water flows continuously from a hillside. It is commonly used for drinking, irrigation, and daily village needs.
3. What is the main difference between Naula and Dhara?
A Naula is an enclosed and protected stone structure, while a Dhara is an open natural spring. Naulas are more protected from contamination, whereas Dharas provide flowing surface water.
4. Why were Naulas built underground?
Naulas were built underground or semi-underground to reduce evaporation, maintain water purity, and protect the spring from environmental damage.
5. Are Naulas still used today in Uttarakhand?
Yes, many remote Himalayan villages still depend on Naulas as their primary drinking water source, especially where pipeline supply is unreliable.
6. Why are Naulas considered sacred?
Naulas are often associated with local deities, temples, and spiritual beliefs. Polluting a Naula is traditionally seen as disrespectful to nature and the divine.
7. How do Naula and Dhara systems help in water conservation?
They protect natural springs, recharge groundwater, minimize evaporation, and use eco-friendly materials—making them sustainable water systems.
8. What caused the decline of Naula and Dhara systems?
Urbanization, deforestation, falling groundwater levels, neglect, and dependence on modern water supply systems have led to their decline.
9. Are there famous Naulas in Uttarakhand?
Yes, notable examples include Naulas near Katarmal Sun Temple, Jageshwar temples, Bageshwar region, and several heritage Naulas in Almora.
10. Why are Naula and Dhara important in the era of climate change?
They demonstrate traditional climate-resilient water management, community conservation practices, and sustainable Himalayan ecology.
